Visualizing the Biomass of All the World’s Mammals
Even as we understand more about the world we live in, certain aspects of it remain undefined or hard to comprehend.
One such example is in the scale and distribution of Earth’s life. What’s the ratio of wild to domesticated animals? How much do all of the world’s humans weigh?
Until recently, such questions were nearly unanswerable. A new report titled The Global Biomass of Wild Mammals helps shed more light on the composition and scale of life on our planet. The research provides an estimate of the biomass of all mammals, globally—including humans.
So, What is Biomass Anyway?
Humans and animals are commonly referred to as “carbon-based lifeforms”. This is for good reason. Carbon is present in every single living organism as complex molecules and compounds, making it an essential part of our biology. Biomass, or the mass of organisms, is typically measured in terms of carbon makeup because it is the one thing that all life on Earth shares.
These carbon building blocks are used as a form of measurement in the visualization above.
One component worth pointing out is that animals contribute very different amounts to the world’s biomass total. By sheer volume alone, rodents make up a significant share of wild mammal weight. Whales, on the other hand, are massive, so a smaller number of individuals can contribute a meaningful portion to overall biomass.
Mammalian Biomass, Organized Neatly
Each larger cube above represents 20 million metric tons of carbon, and the entirety of the visualization represents all living mammalian life on Earth.
The paper separates mammals into four distinct categories:
| Category | Total Mass (Mt) | Top Sub-Category |
|---|---|---|
| Domesticated Mammals | 651 | Cattle (416 Mt) |
| Humans | 394 | n/a |
| Wild Marine Mammals | 40 | Baleen Whales (23 Mt) |
| Wild Terrestrial Mammals | 24 | Even-Hoofed Mammals (11 Mt) |
| Total | 1,109 |
One of the most obvious takeaways from this data is that humans make up one-third of total mammalian biomass.
Perhaps even more strikingly, the animals we’ve domesticated for food, companionship, and labor make up close to 60% of the total weight of Earth’s mammals. Domesticated dogs and cats alone equal the total weight of all other wild land mammals combined.
The world’s sheep, on their own, weigh as much as all the whales and seals in the ocean. Domesticated buffalo such as the water buffalo, a species commonly found in Asia, combine to have the third largest biomass of all mammals.
Finally, there’s one category of mammal that comes way out on top.
Cattle Planet
The global livestock population has risen along with the human population, and cattle are now the top mammal in the world by weight.
In fact, just the United States’ share of cattle matches the biomass of all wild mammals on Earth.
As the standard of living continues to rise for people around the world, beef consumption has been increasing in many developing countries. Of course, raising cattle is a resource and land intensive operation, and there have been very real impacts on a global scale. For one, cows are a major source of methane emissions. As well, in Brazil, which accounts for around 25% of the world’s cattle population, pasture has directly replaced large swaths of rainforest habitat.
Waning Wildlife
At the very bottom of the visualization, dwarfed by humans and domesticated mammals, lies the vast array of wild mammals that live on planet Earth.
It’s sobering to see that the biomass of North America’s human population alone compares closely with that of all terrestrial wild mammals in the world. This includes plentiful creatures like rats and mice, as well as large mammals like elephants and bears.
Below are the top 10 wild mammalian contributors to biomass in the natural world.
| Rank | Contributor | Total Mass (Mt) | Individuals (millions) |
|---|---|---|---|
| #1 | Fin Whales | 8 | 0.1 |
| #2 | Sperm Whales | 7 | 0.4 |
| #3 | Humpback Whales | 4 | 0.1 |
| #4T | Antarctic Minke Whales | 3 | 0.5 |
| #4T | Blue Whales | 3 | 0.05 |
| #6 | White-Tailed Deer | 2.7 | 45 |
| #7 | Crabeater Seals | 2.0 | 10 |
| #8 | Wild Boar | 1.9 | 30 |
| #9T | African Elephants | 1.3 | 0.5 |
| #9T | Bryde’s Whales | 1.3 | 0.1 |
In the ocean, whales and seals are the heavyweight champions. On land, deer, and boar come out on top as they are both heavy and plentiful.
Humans have a complicated relationship with large mammals. We feel a very clear connection to these creatures, and they are often the key figures in conservation efforts. That said, even small populations of humans have wiped out large mammal species in the past.
The news that cattle outweigh wild land animals by a factor of 20:1 is a reminder that human influence is perhaps even more powerful than we think.
The more we’re exposed to nature’s full splendor […] the more we might be tempted to imagine that nature is an endless and inexhaustible resource. In reality, the weight of all remaining wild land mammals is less than 10% of humanity’s combined weight. – Ron Milo, Professor of Systems Biology
Source: The global biomass of wild mammals
Data notes: To come up with the numbers above, scientists estimated the total biomass of wild mammals on Earth by manually collecting population estimates for 392 land mammal species, which make up about 6% of all wild land mammal species, and using machine learning to infer the global populations of the remaining 94%. Their estimate includes 4,805 wild land mammal species out of approximately 6,400 known and extant wild land mammal species, excluding low-abundance species for which data are scarce.
